Battle of Cryslers Farm in the War of 1812

The Battle of Cryslers Farm was fought November 11, 1813, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815) and saw an American campaign along the St. Lawrence River halted. In 1813, Secretary of War John Armstrong directed American forces to begin a two-pronged advance against Montreal. While one thrust was to advance down the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario, the other was to move north from Lake Champlain. Commanding the western attack was Major General James Wilkinson. Known as a scoundrel before the war, he had served as an agent of the Spanish government as well as was involved in the conspiracy that saw former Vice President Aaron Burr charged with treason. Preparations As a result of Wilkinsons reputation, the commander on Lake Champlain, Major General Wade Hampton, refused to take orders from him. This led to Armstrong constructing an unwieldy command structure that would see all orders for coordinating the two forces pass through the War Department. Though he possessed around 8,000 men at Sackets Harbor, NY, Wilkinsons force was poorly trained and ill-supplied. Additionally, it lacked experienced officers and was suffering from an outbreak of disease. To the east, Hamptons command consisted of around 4,000 men. Together, the combined force was twice the size of the mobile forces available to the British in Montreal. American Plans Early planning for the campaign called for Wilkinson to capture the key British naval base at Kingston prior to moving on Montreal. Though this would have deprived Commodore Sir Jame Yeos squadron of its primary base, the senior American naval commander on Lake Ontario, Commodore Isaac Chauncey, did not wish to risk his ships in an attack on the town. As a result, Wilkinson intended to make a feint toward Kingston before slipping down the St. Lawrence. Delayed in departing Sackets Harbor due to bad weather, the army final moved out on October 17 using around 300 small craft and bateaux. the American army entered the St. Lawrence on November 1 and reached French Creek three days later. British Response It was at French Creek that the first shots of the campaign were fired when brigs and gunboats led by Commander William Mulcaster attacked the American anchorage before being driven off by artillery fire. Returning to Kingston, Mulcaster informed Major General Francis de Rottenburg of the American advance. Though focused on defending Kingston, Rottenburg dispatched Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Morrison with a Corps of Observation to harry the American rear. Initially consisting of 650 men drawn from the 49th and 89th Regiments, Morrison increased his strength to around 900 by absorbing local garrisons as he advanced. His corps was supported on the river by two schooners and seven gunboats. A Change of Plans On November 6, Wilkinson learned that Hampton had been beaten at Chateauguay on October 26. Though the Americans successfully bypassed a British fort at Prescott the following night, Wilkinson was unsure of how to proceed after receiving the news regarding Hamptons defeat. On November 9, he convened a council of war and met with his officers. The result was an agreement to continue on with the campaign and Brigadier General Jacob Brown was sent ahead with an advance force. Before the main body of the army embarked, Wilkinson was informed that a British force was in pursuit. Halting, he prepared to deal with Morrisons approaching force and established his headquarters at Cooks Tavern on November 10. Pressing hard, Morrisons troops spent that night encamped near Cryslers Farm approximately two miles from the American position. Armies Commanders Americans Major General James WilkinsonBrigadier General John Parker Boyd8,000 men British Lieutenant Colonel James MorrisonCommander William Mulcasterapprox. 900 men Dispositions On the morning of November 11, a series of confused reports led each side to believe that the other was preparing to attack. At Cryslers Farm, Morrison formed the 89th and 49th Regiments in a line with detachments under Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson and Captain G.W. Barnes in advance and to the right. These occupied buildings near the river and gully extending north from the shore. A skirmish line of Canadian Voltigeurs and Native American allies occupied a ravine in advance of Pearson as well as a large wood to the north of the British position. Around 10:30 AM, Wilkinson received a report from Brown stating that he had defeated a militia force at Hooples Creek the previous evening and the line of advance was open. As the American boats would shortly need to run Long Sault Rapids, Wilkinson decided to clear his rear before moving forward. Fighting an illness, Wilkinson was not in a condition to lead the attack and his second-in-command, Major General Morgan Lewis, was unavailable. As a result, command of the assault fell to Brigadier General John Parker Boyd. For the assault, he had the brigades of Brigadier Generals Leonard Covington and Robert Swartwout. The Americans Turned Back Forming for battle, Boyd placed Covingtons regiments on the left extending north from the river, while Swartwouts brigade was on the right extending north into the woods. Advancing that afternoon, Colonel Eleazer W. Ripleys 21st US Infantry from Swartwouts brigade drove back the British skirmishers. On the left, Covingtons brigade struggled to deploy due to a ravine on their front. Finally attacking across the field, Covingtons men came under heavy fire from the Pearsons troops. In the course of the fighting, Covington was mortally wounded as was his second-in-command. This led to a breakdown in organization on this part of the field. To the north, Boyd attempted to push troops across the field and around the British left. These efforts failed as they were met by heavy fire from the 49th and 89th. All across the field, the American attack lost momentum and Boyds men began falling back. Having struggled to bring up his artillery, it was not in place until his infantry was retreating. Opening fire, they inflicted losses on the enemy. Seeking to drive off the Americans and capture the guns, Morrisons men began a counterattack across the field. As the 49th neared the American artillery, the 2nd US Dragoons, led by Colonel John Walbach, arrived and in a series of charges bought sufficient time for all but one of Boyds guns to be withdrawn. Aftermath A stunning victory for a much smaller British force, Cryslers Farm saw Morrisons command inflict losses of 102 killed, 237 wounded, and 120 captured on the Americans. His force lost 31 killed, 148 wounded, 13 missing. Though disheartened by the defeat, Wilkinson pressed on and moved through the Long Sault rapids. On November 12, Wilkinson united with Browns advance detachment and a short time later received Colonel Henry Atkinson from Hamptons staff. Atkinson brought word that his superior had retired to Plattsburgh, NY, citing a lack of supplies, rather than move west around Chateauguay and to join Wilkinsons army on the river as originally ordered. Again meeting with his officers, Wilkinson decided to end the campaign and the army went into winter quarters at French Mills, NY. Following a defeat at Lacolle Mills in March 1814, Wilkinson was removed from command by Armstrong.

Doves Beauty Campaign Essay - 1174 Words

Hollis Hitchens Mr. Saye English 102 10 March 2011 The Dictionary defines the word Beauty as â€Å"A beautiful person, especially a woman.† Nowhere in that definition does it suggest the woman is a size 0 with big breasts, flawless skin and high cheekbones. This is the message Dove is trying to send by creating â€Å"Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty†, to make women of all shapes, sizes, and color feel beautiful everyday. However, shortly after Dove released their first campaign, media columnists such as Richard Roeper and Lucio Guerrero were quick to reflect their â€Å"professional† opinions. After reviewing Jennifer L. Pozner’s article on Dove’s â€Å"Real Beauty† Backlash and the naà ¯ve comments these active media members have made, I found through†¦show more content†¦If that makes me sound superficial, shallow and sexist†¦well yes, I’m a man.† (Pozner, 215). Pozner also focuses on Lucio Guerrero’s comments such as â€Å"These disturbing and frightening women should put some clothes on (please, really) because ads should be about the beautiful people. They should include the unrealistic, the ideal or the unattainable look for which so many people strive. Besides, the only time I want to see a thigh that big is in a bucket with crumbs on it.† (Pozner, 216). Not only was Dove’s new campaign ridiculed for the voluptuous women they had focused their attention on, they were also being targeted for health concerns. Pozner addresses Bill Zwecker, the balding, paunchy, middle-aged anchor of CBSs local newscast in Chicago, weighed in on his CBS blog, At the risk of sounding politically incorrect, In this day and age, when we are facing a huge obesity problem in this country, we dont need to encourage anyone -- women OR men -- to think its okay to be out of shape. (Pozner, 216). Pozner believes this statement would be more believable if the women on the billboard were unhealthily obese. However, the women in the advertisement were actually smaller than the average sized American woman. In a case study by Olivia Falcione and Laura Henderson, Dove collected data from 3,200 women from 10 different countries. â€Å"Only two percent of women around theShow MoreRelatedDoves Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study3100 Words   |  13 Pagesproduct line is to increase market share, develop a strong marketing campaign, retain functional strengths of the brand, maintain the image of the â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign, and staying ahead of competition. Due to the highly competitive industry, marketing communication is critical to ensure campaign momentum. Kerstin must decide how to keep the drive of the initial campaign going. This will be achieved by introducing a new campaign. Through the use of internet, billboards, and media advertising,Read Moreâ€Å"Hips Feel Good† –Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty1210 Words   |  5 Pagesof the successful re-launch and bring it to the next level. Unilever needs to keep a close eye on the competition that may try to imitate Dove’s success by creating similar campaigns and ensure they set themselves apart from these companies. Unilever’s objective is to continue with the success of the first phase of the re-launch of Dove’s Real Beauty Campaign and maintain the brand’s momentum of strong quality and well positioned products in the market. They want to keep the focus surroundingRead MoreEssay Hips Feel Good – Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty2273 Words   |  10 Pagesto determine how to maintain Dove’s brand momentum. The key objectives and goals of the Dove product line is to increase market share, develop a strong marketing campaign, retain functional strengths of the brand, maintain the image of the â€Å"Real Beauty† campaign, and stay ahead of the competition. Due to the highly competitive industry, marketing communication is critical to ensure campaign momentum. Kerstin must decide how to keep the drive of the initial campaign going. This report outlinesRead MoreDigital Marketing And Social Media Project : Dove2535 Words   |  11 Pages DIGITAL MARKETING AND SOCIAL MEDIA PROJECT: DOVE ANALYZING REAL BEAUTY SKETCHES CAMPAIGN Nicolle Kayse Ferreira e Araujo Student Number: M00508064 Tutors Name: Jeffrey Pocock Final Word Count: 1147 words ABSTRACT This report is about how social media was important to transform Real Beauty Sketches Campaign into one of the most popular commercials of 2013. The literature review was searched by using online sourcesRead MoreDove is Trying to Change the Look of Beauty in Women779 Words   |  3 Pagesalways dealt with problems of beauty. Many of them desire to look like the models they see in the magazines. Unfortunately, this unrealistic expectation has led American women to judge their own beauty in some negative ways. However, a campaign by Dove has attempted to convince the other 96 percent of women that they are also beautiful. Dove Real Beauty Sketches is a short film produced in April 2013 as a part of Dove Real Beauty campaign. The purpose of this campaign is to show that â€Å"you are moreRead MoreAdvertising : The Real Beauty994 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisements to â€Å"real beauty† advising is essential in increasing sales and decreasing long term health effects in individ uals. Many stores advertise unrealistic images, but there has been a small rise for the shift to â€Å"real beauty† advertisements. The â€Å"real beauty† campaign began from one company: Dove. In 2004, Dove launched a new form of advertising that â€Å"would have a positive effect on women’s self-appraisals, and generally make women feel good about themselves.† (good bad ugly dove campaign). Dove carriedRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1929 Words   |  8 Pagesmanager after getting my degree in business marketing. Advertising managers create interest among potential buyers of a product or service for a department, for an entire organization, or on a project basis. They must plan advertising and promotional campaigns and decide which media to advertise in, such as, radio, television, print, online media, and billboards. Advertisements and forms of social media have a huge affect on people, because it is mainly all that we see. Now these advertis ements are meantRead MoreDove Marketing Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesDove Case Analysis 1. Imagine you have oversight of the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Are you comfortable with what is going on? Is this a brand that is out of control with its promotional messages? Dove released its first advertising on 1957, in which Dove called its product as cleaning cream instead of soap. After that, Dove launched some advertising to emphasized on its functional feature. In 2000, Dove became a Masterbrand of Unilever. In other words, it had to establish a meaningRead MoreThe Media Sphere, There Exist Producers And Their Audience1426 Words   |  6 Pagesencoding/decoding model can be applied to Dove’s polarizing #ChooseBeautiful campaign. It will ultimately show how the relationship between producers and audiences in determining meaning of a media text is volatile and dynamic due to the tension created by producers’ inherent proclivity to control their audience by imposing cultural hegemonies upon them, and the audience’s innate tendency to play an active role in decoding media texts. Producers of Dove’s #ChooseBeautiful campaign aimed to empower women by encouragingRead MoreDove Case Analysis1102 Words   |  5 Pagesworldwide establishment †¢ Unconventional marketing strategy †¢ Word of mouth and Word of Mouse free publicity †¢ Campaign has a strong emotional touch †¢ Social responsibility- Dove established self esteem fund, which conducted self esteem workshops along with Girl Scouts to improve the self esteem of girls †¢ Dove’s brand loyalty †¢ Best known for functional superiority, i.e. beauty bar which does not dry the skin †¢ Changing perceptions of people is difficult Opportunities: Threats: †¢ Huge opportunity

Business Law Of Garcia v National Australia Bank [1998] HCA 48

Question: Discuss about the Business Law Of Garcia v National Australia Bank [1998] HCA 48. Answer: Introduction Garcia v National Australia Bank[1] is a leading matter which was decided on August 06th, 1998 in the High Court of Australia[2]. Through this case, the situation in which the unconscionable conduct for a lender was decided upon regarding enforcing a transaction against a wife. Under the Australian Equity law, this is a prominent case, particularly due to this being spouse-surety cases[3]. Case Summary In this case, Jean Balharry Garcia in 1979, along with her husband of that time, Fabio Garcia had executed a mortgage on the jointly owned matrimonial house in National Australia Banks favour. During 1979-1987, Jean had signed different guarantees. The documents related to this were signed for securing a loan which was made for the use of company of Fabio, i.e., Citizens Gold Bullion Exchange Pty Limited. After the separation of the couple in 1988, the company of Fabio wound up the very next year. The key issue of this case revolved around whether or not there was the presence of undue influence in this case[4]. In the year subsequent to the companys winding up, judicial proceedings were initiated in the Supreme Court of New South Wales against Jean and she sought declaration that the different documents had no effect or force and were hence, void. Young J was the trial court judge, who applied the case of Yerkey v Jones[5] to the present case and granted the declaration regarding none of the guarantees which were given by the appellant were bound to her[6]. The reason for the trial court ruling in favour of Jean was that she knew what a guarantee was but she did not know that the guarantee had been secured by an earlier signed all moneys mortgage[7]. When the appeal was made to the New South Wales Court of Appeal, Sheller JJA, Mahoney P and Meagher stated that the rule given under Yerkey v Jones should not be applied in the nation as the same had been overruled through the case of Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio[8]. And as a result of this, the leave to appeal before the High Cour t of Australia was granted to the appellant[9]. When the matter was presented before the High Court, McHugh, Callian, Hayne and Gaurdon JJ decided by a majority of five to one, that the approach adopted in Barclays Bank plc v OBrien[10] by Lord Browne-Wilkinson had to be declined and instead there was a need to hold the rule given under Yerkey v Jones, as the same was still applicable in the nation. However, a dissenting judgment was given by Kirby J who stated that the approach which had been taken under the case of Yerkey v Jones had to be rejected. Though, there was a unanimous overturning of the Court of Appeals decision by the High Court and reinstated the order of the trial judge. It was also held by the High Court that the unconscionability which had been covered under the case of Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio failed to cover the rule which was covered under Yerkey v Jones. Instead, both of these cases were based on distinctive doctrines[11]. The reason for applying Yerkey v Jones was given in context of the women of the nation being marked with economic disparities particularly when in a relationship. It was held that Yerkey v Jones was based on confidence and trust which is ordinarily present between the partners in a marriage. This relationship was such where majority of times, the business judgement was left by the woman on their spouse. And this relationship had such business decisions made with consultation between the parties where the effect was not explained properly, and purported only in abbreviated manner. The only thing thus, which had to be considered was the knowledge of creditor regarding Jean being married to Fabio. And this can be established with ease as the bank knew that Jean was married to Fabio as they undertook no efforts for explaining the transaction to her, and were also aware of the fact that that Jean had no independent advice available or given to her. And due to these reasons, Jean had to be given the right to succeed in her claims[12]. Conclusion Thus, the case of Garcia v National Australia Bank is a leading example of undue influence, where in a husband wife relationship it was held that the position of wife was such that undue influence was indeed present. Bibliography Bryan M, Vann V and Thomas SB, Equity and Trusts in Australia (CamLawridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2017). Grossi R, Looking for Love in the Legal Discourse of Marriage (ANU Press, 2014). McKendrick E, and Liu Q, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). Barclays Bank plc v OBrien [1993] UKHL 6, [1994] AC 180 Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14, (1983) 151 CLR 447 Garcia v National Australia Bank [1998] HCA 48 Yerkey v Jones [1939] HCA 3, (1939) 63 CLR 649 Australian Contract Law, Garcia v National Australia Bank (2010) https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/garcia.html Finlay A, Garcia v National Australia Bank HCA 48, 6 August 1998 (2017) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NewcLawRw/1998/15.html

Training and selective stimulus control in rats Essay Example

Training and selective stimulus control in rats Paper The aim of the experiment was to show that rats demonstrated stimulus discrimination and selective stimulus control during operant conditioning. The first hypothesis was the subject would learn to discriminate between the VR16 conditions that signal reinforcement and the EXT conditions. It was also hypothesised that the stimulus used to discriminate between VR16 and EXT would either be the light or the tone, not a combination. The participant in this experiment was a 16-month-old, female, Spague Dawley albino rat that was randomly selected from a group of 20. The apparatus used was an operant chamber, which delivered two stimuli (a light and a tone) to the subject, and a reinforcer of diluted condensed milk. During the first week of experimentation the subject underwent discrimination training, this was followed by a series of probe trials in the second week. The results from the first week showed the subject learned that no reinforcement was given during EXT, because the rate of responding decreased. The second weeks results showed that high tone was the stimulus used to discriminate between the stimuli. These results supported both the hypotheses, and it was concluded that rats do demonstrate stimulus discrimination and selective stimulus control. The major theorists for the development of operant conditioning were Edward Thorndike (1910), John Watson (1914), and Burrhus Skinner (1938) (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). They proposed that learning is the result of the application of consequences following overt behaviour; that is, subjects begin to connect certain responses with certain stimuli. This led Thorndike to conclude that the probability of a specific response reoccurring is changed according to the consequences following the response, and he labelled this learning conditioning (Carlson and Buskist 1997, Huitt and Hummel, 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Training and selective stimulus control in rats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Training and selective stimulus control in rats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Training and selective stimulus control in rats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1910, Thorndike used the notion of consequences to teach cats and dogs to manipulate a latch in a puzzle-box, to activate a door and escape (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). The consequence was either punishment or reward (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). Thorndike measured the time it took the animal to escape over various trials, and over time he noted that the animals latency to escape decreased consistently until it would activate the lever immediately after being placed in the box (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). The reward of being freed from the box somehow strengthened the association between the stimulus of being in the box and the appropriate action (Huitt and Hummel, 1997). Thorndike concluded that the reward strengthened the stimulus-response associations (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). He then went on to formulate his law of effect, which can be summarised by saying that an animal is more likely to repeat a response if the result is favourable, and less likely to repeat the action if the consequences were not favourable (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). There were two possible consequences of a behaviour, reinforcement or punishment. These could be divided into two sub-categories, positive (sometimes called pleasant) and negative (sometimes called aversive). These could be added to or taken away from the environment in order to change the probability of a given response occurring again (Carlson and Buskist, 1997. Werzburg University). Punishment decreases the repetition of behaviour and reinforcement usually increases the likelihood of response being repeated. A stimulus that acts as an indicator to the subject, suggesting that a reinforcer is available is said to be a discriminative stimulus (Gleitman, 1995). A discriminative stimulus affects the subjects behaviour considerably (Gleitman, 1995), as it influences the likelihood of a response occurring (Carlson and Buskist, 1997). Reynolds (1961) conducted experiments where two pigeons learned to tap a red key with a white triangle. To determine which was the discriminative stimulus, he tested the two birds with either a plain red key or a plain key with just a white triangle. Reynolds (1961) found that the first bird used the red key as the discriminative stimulus and the second bird used the white triangle to discriminate between stimuli. This experiment is also an example of selective stimulus control, where each pigeon selected which stimulus it believed was responsible for producing the reinforcer. To effectively study how a subject behaves in a given environment and to certain stimuli, it was necessary to establish a schedule of reinforcement, which is a set of guidelines saying how often the subject is reinforced (Gleitman, 1995). Stimuli could be presented to the environment according to a schedule of which there were two categories: continuous and intermittent (Gleitman, 1995), or not at all using extinction. Continuous reinforcement simply means that the behaviour is followed by a consequence each time it occurs. Intermittent schedules were based either on the passage of time (interval schedules) or the number of correct responses emitted (ratio schedules). The consequence could be delivered based on the same amount of passage of time or the same number of correct responses (fixed) or it could be based on a slightly different amount of time or number of correct responses that vary around a particular number (variable). This results in four classes of intermittent schedules, fixed interval (FI), fixed ratio (FR), variable interval (VI), and variable ratio (VR) (Gleitman, 1995). [Note: Continuous reinforcement is actually a specific example of a fixed ratio schedule with only one response emitted before a consequence occurs.]. The final schedule was extinction. During extinction, the subject is no longer reinforced for producing a previously reinforced response. Because there is no reward for responding, the frequency of the response decreases until it stops altogether (Carlson and Buskist, 1997. Huitt and Hummel, 1997. Gleitman, 1995). For the purpose of this experiment we used two alternating schedules of consequence (Lab Manual Psychology 111/112, 2002), Variable Ratio of 16 (VR16), where a reinforcer was given after an average of 16 responses, and Extinction (EXT). VR schedule was chosen, as a variable ratio was thought to be the best for maintaining behaviour (Werzburg University).  The aim of the experiment was to demonstrate stimulus discrimination and selective stimulus control in rats, and in turn, give support to past research indicating that learning comes from experience. The subject for this experiment was a female, albino rat, approximately 18 months old. The rat was placed in the operant chamber and subjected to two stimuli, a light and a tone. VR was paired with a dull light and high tone (1000Hz) and EXT was paired with a bright light and a low tone (500Hz) (Lab Manual Psychology 111/112, 2002). By reviewing past research, two hypotheses were formulated. The initial hypothesis was that the subject would learn to discriminate between the VR16 conditions that signal reinforcement and the EXT conditions, and therefore the rates of responding during VR16 would be higher than during EXT. It was also hypothesised that the stimulus used by the rats to discriminate would either be the light or the tone, not a combination (selective stimulus control).