Essay The Addictive Nature of the Internet - 3581 Words

The Addictive Nature of the Internet The purpose of this paper is to show the many different ways that people can become addicted to the web (Internet) and to try to explain why. The various aspects of the web, such as the wide range of information, the advanced technology, and alternate ways of communication have contributed to its addictive nature. People of all ages and backgrounds have become so absorbed in using the web, either through work or play, that they have, in effect, become addicted to using it. Some common types of sites which people just cannot seem to stay away from include chat rooms, dating services, sex, pornography, shopping, and sports. The prevalence of Internet use and the growing realization that it†¦show more content†¦Kimberly Young of the University of Pittsburgh who founded the Center for Online Addiction and is conducting online addiction research. Dr. Ivan Goldberg, a moderator of the Internet Addiction Support Group mailing list, employs a list of IAD Diagnostic Criteria, which can be found at the end of this paper. Common Warning Signs of IAD (abbreviated): 1. Compulsively checking your e-mail. 2. Always anticipating your next Internet session 3. Others complaining that youre spending too much time online. 4. Others complaining that youre spending too much money online. (Results of Internet Behaviour Questionnaire) IAD, unlike alcoholism (which is a recognized medical addiction) is like pathological gambling, an out-of- control behavior that threatens to overwhelm the addicts normal life. (Results of Internet Behaviour Questionnaire) By simply being aware of the above warning signs of IAD, a person can reduce the risk of becoming addicted to using the web. The warning signs and symptoms below should be used as guidelines to determine if a true problem exists. Below are some more general and easy to understand Symptoms of Internet Addiction: 1.- Using the online services everyday without any skipping. 2.- Losing track of time after making a connection. 3.- Goes out less and less. 4.- Spending less and less time on meals at home or at work, and eats in front of the monitor. 5.-Show MoreRelatedIntroduction to Internet Addiction978 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Internet Addiction Ten years ago, the only people who spent a majority of their leisure time on the computer were paid members of the technology industry. Today, however, surfing the Web has become a pastime as social and marketable as bar hopping or going to the movies. As the web has become a part of mainstream life, some mental health professionals have noted that a percentage of people using the web do so in a compulsive and out-of-control manner. In one extreme (1997)  CincinnatiRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking On College Grades1069 Words   |  5 Pagesaddicted to. Some people can be addicted to gambling or exercising. Others can be addicted to social networking. The pros of social networking and the entertainment value is outweighed by the cons. Social networking is fun but it can be harmful and addictive. People have always needed to communicate. Texting, face time, social networking are new convenient ways to communicate. These new forms of communication are not perfect and can have ba d effects on the user. Social networking is a distraction thatRead MoreAddiction To Social Media Addiction736 Words   |  3 Pagesto be addictive, but like the drug LSD, the effects vary from person to person; adolescents and persons with narcissistic traits are the most commonly affected, while depression is the biggest identifier it is also being the most common side effect. While social media has become the prominent communication medium of the day, as a society we have commonly avoided the fact that social media is as addictive as any substance in existence. Even though it is now know that social media is addictive, provenRead MoreThe Documentary, Digital Nation, Directed By Rachel Dretzin1130 Words   |  5 Pagesgaming and the internet. Rushkoff remarks that these kids â€Å"Causalities of the digital revolution,† as he visits rehabilitation camps and clinics for children that specialize in re-connecting such kids with the outside world and the simple life. The documentary praises the rehab center, playing more â€Å"happy† music during the footage of the children working together, and almost exclusively captures the kids smiling when they are building a tent as a camp activity. Then, the internet cafà ©s are shownRead MoreQuitting Addictive Smoking : Smoking1713 Words   |  7 PagesQuitting Addictive Smoking Tobacco is causing one death in every six seconds and will reach to eight million deaths annually in the world, by 2030 (albawaba). That was the fact that my doctor stated to me when I visited him to get the thorough checkup because I was having trouble in breathing and trouble in sleeping. I got shocked by listening to this fact, but I could not relate that fact to my life until the doctor told me that these health issues of mine are the result of my addictive smokingRead MoreEtiology, Predispositions, And Vulnerabilities1738 Words   |  7 Pagesculture, socio-economic standing and acceptance of the Internet from others). Whilst these factors are dependant on the individual, some studies include the nature and attributes of the Internet itself. Some models include the cognitive-behavioural model of problematic Internet use, the access, affordability and anonymity engine, the anonymity, convenience and escape model and the comprehensive model of the development and maintenance of I nternet addiction. Biological Factors Addictions are knownRead MoreSocial Media Speech1134 Words   |  5 Pageslosing your phone is worse than losing your virginity. We live in a generation where it has become common to send inappropriate pictures to people who we have just met. We live in a generation where we are so dependent on technology that it is as addictive as a drug. Fellow students, let me ask you all this question, would you want to see our future generation, our future leaders, and our future role models acting like this? What is this world coming to?! In order to prevent this, I firmly believeRead MoreAddiction to Heroin704 Words   |  3 PagesHeroin and its subsequent misuse has been a contentious issue plaguing society for decades. With the advent of the internet, it is becoming more difficult to curtail many of the illegal activities individuals engage in regards to drug use. Heroin in particular is very pervasive in the United States as it is a drug that is highly addictive. In America, drugs are becoming a very serious issue as immigrants enter into the country illegally carrying the drug with them. Heroin, although mainly cre atedRead MoreThe Effects Of Gambling Addiction On The Brain1682 Words   |  7 Pagesbehaviours or substances activate the reward centre resulting in addiction. It has been agreed that, much similar to gambling addiction, Internet addiction functions through a variable ratio reinforcement schedule (Young, 2011). However, it is also is theorised that those who use the Internet or other similar technologies experience various rewards that are unpredictable in nature, depending on the application they are using (such as: video games, emails, social media, pornography, message boards and texting)Read MoreThe Effects Of Sex Addiction On The Failure Of The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental962 Words   |  4 PagesThe authors of this article have chosen to do research on the topic of sex addiction in response to the failure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder- V to properly distinguish internet addictive disorder and hypersexual disorders. Furthermore, t hey believe that clinicians who specialize in addiction and sexual disorders to be inadequately prepared for cybersexual addictions and sexual compulsivity. By presenting a historical perspective and literature review that demands attention

The Criminal Justice System - 1860 Words

In the text, Karmen (2015) discusses the many ways that the criminal justice system does not always act to support crime victims. The following news stories help to illustrate how, at every phase of the criminal justice process, victims may be further victimized. Part One: Law Making Process As an example of the legal process causing further victimization, I selected the New York case of a young boy who is being forced to testify in court against the man who sexually assaulted him (Beam, 2015). The boy, who was only 11 years old when the assault occurred, now must face his accuser in court and testify about the humiliating sexual abuse he incurred. This appears to be a case where the victim has not only suffered through the crime itself, but also â€Å"has ‘gone through hell’ ever since coming forward with the allegations† (Beam, 2015); being faced to testify in open court will only compound the trauma the boy has suffered. This is a clear example of the law-making process forcing a victim to relive a traumatic incident for the benefit of the accused perpetrator. The text discusses that some laws designed to protect criminal defendants, like the right to confront an accuser, cause the victims to be forced into unenviable situations (Karmen, 2015). Here, in this case, the victim will be made to be face-to-face with the man who sexually violated him and will be forced to relive that assault through testimony. Part Two: Police Enforcement and Investigation PoliceShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separate agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function and goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent different concerns and values of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal re sponsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system has for long been faced by a lot of caseloads, an issue which has been heaping a lot of pressure on the stakeholders.  Ã‚  The cause of increased workload is lack of adequate resources to deal with the caseload. Some people have argued that the only way to deal with the overloads is to provide more money to the criminal justice systems so that everyone involved will be able to do the required tasks and in so doing reduce the number of cases while scholars think that the onlyRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pages Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, thereforeRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 PagesNorways criminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is w here the methodologies clash: should the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System1454 Words   |  6 Pages Our Criminal Justice System is far from perfect but it has fulfilled its design by becoming a living system so to speak. Our system is predicated upon discretion from start to finish whereas the first step in the process lies with the contacting officer. Once lawful presence has been established and probable cause for contact can be clearly articulated, the decision to make that contact rests solely with that officer. Of course, each department utilizes a form of controlled discretion, ensuringRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evid ence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendant

Speech In Favor Capital Punishment - 1282 Words

Speech In Favour Of Capital Punishment Capital Punishment is the lawful infliction of death and has been used in Britain since the 5the century. It was not until 1964 that capital punishment was abolished and this has been described by many historians as Britains worst decision in over 500 years. Along with these Historians, I also believe that our country was much better off with the death penalty as a punishment for sick and twisted people, murderers, rapists and peadophiles. Did you know for instance that in 2003 there were 1048 murders and 172 attributed to one man. . . Harold Shipman. Compare this to 1963 when the death penalty was used as an active deterant to murder, how many? 300. Three hundred murders compared to†¦show more content†¦I hate to bore you with the statistics again but it is true that the threat of a hard punishment is enough to scare without having to carry it out. In the Isle of Man, there was a punishment up until 1975 called birching, a public beating for any crime. The crime rate in the isle of man for 17 years in a row? Less than 2%. A few minor crimes in 17 years. Birching was abolished and now the crime rate in the Isle of Man is sky high, just like the rest of the UK. Proof that if the punishment is severe enough, there wont be a cri me to start with. So will Britain ever restore capital punishment? In a survey of 2000 UK residents 72% would like it re instated. Despite what the government tells us we live in a society of ever rising serious crime and wether we like it or not, something needs to be done. And harder sentencing is not enough. We need a real deterrent, Capital Punishment is the answer to our prayers. Hanging was my familys business for over 14 years and we were honored to protect our country and perhaps in advertantly save lives. I know for a fact that if hanging was re- instated as the quick and painless punishment to kill, i would gladly pull the lever. I am as sure as I can be that capital punishment is the answer. The mandatory life sentence is just not enough. It fails, in my view to distinguish between really awful crimes and those crimes, whilst still murder, are more understandable. Ask yourself, is it right that a serial rapistShow MoreRelatedCompartive Legal Systems Canada vs Usa1691 Words   |  7 PagesDominance over United States Penal System Name: Shenthuran Vijayananthan Teacher: Mrs. Merenda Due Date: Wed. Oct. 26, 2005 Topic: #1 Ââ€" Comparative Legal Systems (Canada vs. USA) Thesis: Canadas criminal justice system, specifically laws dealing with punishment, is far superior to that of the United States Canada and the United States of America are two neighboring countries who besides the border share numerous other key aspects. Though similar in beliefs and culture the two countries are far from alikeRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment Speech562 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment Speech Capital punishment is a barbarous survival from a less enlightened and refined age; it is incongruous and incompatible with our present standard of civilization and humanity. It has been abolished by many states and countries, and we must look forward to the day when the other governments will follow suit. The arguments against capital punishment are many and credible, but the pleas advanced in its favor are few and unfounded. PunishmentRead MoreEssay on The Mytilene Debate and Athenian Debate1606 Words   |  7 Pagesconclude which one and which side was speaking out of honest opinion or self-interest, as well as which speakers are similar to each other in their approach to the situation. In the Mytilene Debate the two speakers are Creon, presenting the side in favor of killing the people, and Diodotus, on the opposing side. The two speakers present their opinions on the best way to deal with the Mytilenean people as a consequence after their revolt, as well as actions that should overall be taken in the futureRead MoreEssay about Speech Against Capital Punishment1672 Words   |  7 PagesSpeech Against Capital Punishment Good Afternoon, I am honored to be here, and I thank you for having me. Today I would like to speak to you about a very controversial issue- capital punishment. What do those two words mean to you? To most people they mean a murder victims family receiving justice for their deceased. Let me see a show of hands. How many people in the audience believe in the death penalty? I conducted a weeklong survey of two hundred people of all ages. The purposeRead MoreEssay on Preserve or Outlaw?1731 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has been one of the most controversial issues in American history. Its complex history demonstrates how controversial the subject is. Capital punishment is the verdict of execution as a punishment for a person or persons convicted of committing a crime. In 1972, the Supreme Court determined that capital punishment violated the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. However, this ruling did not last for long. In 1976, the courtRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society2096 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout history, capital punishment has been practiced in many areas in regards to major crimes. Capital punishment is the execution of a convicted criminal as a punishment for the committed crimes, with methods of execution that include electrocutions, gas chambers, lethal injections, etc. Capital punishment has more recently been taken into moral standards, resulting in more than half of the United Nations’ members abolishing its use. (http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/) However, the death penaltyRead MoreFirst Amendment Paper1372 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment takes to take first amendment rights from people. For instance the secret spying on people from government organizations, the quiet protest of a man who was brutally beat and sent to jail, the beginning of punishment comparison to a communist country, and the severe punishment of a man who would did not do anything but cover up his sources. This and many other acts of government is what is tearing down the foundry of this country. Now it is nearly impossible to protect privacy with theRead MoreMoral Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Ethics1266 Words   |  6 Pagesas freedom of speech and affirmative obligations by a government, whereas and a negative (liberty) right refers to inaction such as v iolence and no interference by a government. Locke emphasizes natural rights and property, and obligations of a government to be allied, such that civilians have right of owing a property while a government should protect it (Dine Fagan, 2006). Locke provided basics of modern liberal democracy (Manisha, 2009). I consider rights of freedom and speech as most importantRead MoreThe Civil War Of The Sudan1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves displaced. This lead to a coup that would eventually leave Omar al-Bashir the president. Under this new rule, The Sudan began an era of governmental repression and saw the conditions of their country deteriorate due to the violence. Freedom of Speech Much like the United States, the Sudan has a national security agency, the National Intelligence Security Service or NISS. In 2015, the National Interim Constitution of 2005 was approved, granting the NISS and president increased powers. The NISSRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights And The Constitution1530 Words   |  7 PagesI would like to deal with the entire Bill of Rights and the constitution itself. The framers of the Constitution were wary of ceding too much power to the federal government. They rightly believed many local citizens would never make it to the capital but would interact with local government, so the power should be kept at the most local level possible. It was impossible to foresee in 1791 a world with video conferencing, 24-hr news and the ability to fly around the world within 36 hours. Because

Relationship Bewteen Work-Family Balance and Employee Well-being

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Bewteen Work-Family Balance,Employee Well-being and Job Performance for Men and Women. Answer: Introduction As a consequence of the profound changes taking place in families and the labour market, balancing work, and family is an increasing workforce demand (Mercure and Mircea, 2010). In the last decades, labour conditions have changed; long working hours make it difficult to meet family responsibilities, and job insecurity has increased (Rhnima et al., 2014). Similarly, changes have also occurred in families, such as the increase in dual-earner households and in the number of families with dependent family members or single parent families. In this context, when work interferes with family, work-to-family conflicts (WFC) arise (Lin, 2013; Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985). Background Organizational efforts to improve employee well-being through the development of work-family policies may help solve this problem. Work-family policies include work practices aimed at balancing work, family (Lpez-Ibor et al., 2010), and personal demands (Felstead et al., 2002). Researchers have gathered evidence of a positive relationship among work-family policies and job performance in socially supportive companies (Biedma-Ferrer and Medina-Garrido, 2014; van Steenbergen and Ellemers, 2009; Anderson et al., 2002). In line with these findings, this study was seeking to analyse the impact that different work-family policies have on job performance. As such, we designed a model for identifying the effects that different types of work-family policies have on well-being of employees and, ultimately, on job performance. However, according to some authors, the mere presence of work-family strategies is not enough for employees to attain a work-family balance (Yeandle et al., 2002; Budd and Mumford, 2005). Based on this finding, a distinction was made in our study between the existence and employees awareness of work-family policies, and true access to these policies. Industry Background This study provides added value to the existing works on work-family strategies in various forms. First, the effects that the existence and employees awareness of work-family policies have on job performance were separately assessed from the effects that the actual uptake of work-family policies without reprisals have on job performance (Baxter and Chesters, 2011; McDonald et al., 2005). In the existing literature, a distinction is not made between the adoption and the actual implementation of work-family policies (McDonald et al., 2005). As stated above, it is not enough that work-family policies are available, but employees must be aware of their existence and be provided true access to them (Budd and Mumford, 2005; Yeandle et al., 2002) without reprisals (Gray and Tudball, 2002; Bond, 2004). True access to work-family policies requires a helpful work-life organizational philosophy (Las Heras et al., 2015; Sivatte and Guadamillas, 2014). Second, we present an unpublished model for determining the relationship among the existence of and access to work-family policies and job performance as mediated by employee well-being. In third place, the probability that WFC arise and work-family policies are implemented to solve them may differ across sectors (Allen et al., 2015). It would be interesting to analyse the influence of work-family procedures on job performance in the sectors such as the banking sector where employees are subject to more pressure in terms of results (Burke, 2009; Rosso, 2008), as they are more vulnerable to WFC and consequently more urgently require the implementation of work-family policies. The benefit of this study is that it examines the relationship between work-family policies and job performance in the banking sector, a scarcely studied sector (e.g. van Steenbergen and Ellemers, 2009). Finally, the decision to focus our study on the banking industry was based on the dramatic impact that the eco nomic and financial crisis had on this sector in Spain. The crisis was accompanied by major restructuring and downsizing, offices closing (Alam et al., 2015; Maudos, 2012), and increased working hours and pressure exerted on employees in a traditionally stressful sector (Ariza-Montes et al., 2013). An additional effect of the financial crisis is that organizations now devote fewer resources to the execution of work-family strategies (Miheli? and Tekav?i?, 2014). Research aim The focus of this research was to develop existing examination on work-family projects and employment fulfillment. The consequences of the review give a more noteworthy comprehension of the connections between these develops by tending to the overall research address for this review: What work-life adjust techniques accomplish revenue driven association use to expand the occupation fulfillment of affirmations agents Research questions The study main focus was to expand on the existing research on relationship between balancing work and family, well-being of employees and job performance for men and women. The study results will provide an understanding of the relationships of the research topic Does a relationship exist between work-family balance and employee wellbeing? Does the overall relationship between work-family balance and employee wellbeing different by gender? What work-family balance approaches have you used to increase job fulfilment of your employees? What work-family balance approaches appear to affect the job fulfillment of your workers in the most substantial ways? Research Objectives To determine if a relationship exists among work-family balance and worker wellbeing? To determine if a relationship among work-family balance and worker wellbeing differs by gender? To determine whether the work-family balance tactics that will be used to improve job fulfilment of your employees? To determine whether work-family balance tactics appear to affect the job fulfillment of workers in the most substantial ways? Hypothesis Based on the connection among work-family policies and work performance, and taking into account both the existence of and access to different types of work-family policies the following hypotheses was postulated: The more strongly an employee perceives that work-family policies based on working time flexibility exist, the better his/her job performance. The more strongly an employee perceives that work-family policies based on long paid and unpaid leaves exist, the better his/her job performance. The more strongly an employee perceives that work-family policies based on flexibility in the work location exist, the better his/her job performance. The more strongly an employee perceives that work-family policies based on employee and family support services exist, the better his/her job performance. Research Methodology Methodology is the procedures and how the study will be conducted in order to attain precise results. It points out the targeted population, selected population and how sample will be taken from the field i.e. sampling techniques to be used. It shows the data collection instruments used in the survey such as questionnaires and observations and gives reason why these were chosen and not the others. Sample and data collection Fieldwork was focused on the banking sector in Australia, a sector with a total of 192,265 employees. Collected of data were done using a closed-question, self-administered questionnaire. Respondents were sent an e-mail containing a link to the web-based questionnaire. Pre-testing was conducted to improve the efficacy and design of the questionnaire, prevent ambiguity, and improve measurements. Data were collected from three organizations. Organization representatives were requested to take part in the study and informed that the final aggregated results would be provided to them once they were available. A total of 1,565 questionnaires were returned by respondents, who were representative of the entire Australian population in terms of geography. In all, 54 questionnaires were withdrawn from analysis due to incomplete or missing data. Of the resulting 1,511 effective respondents, 42.4 per cent were female and 75.9 per cent had child or elder care responsibilities that required work- family balance. The mean age was 43.7 years (SD 8.9), and mean seniority in the company was 18.7 years (SD 11.2). Measurements The linkage between theoretical constructs and empirical data is described by the measurement model (Fornell, 1982). Two types of relationships are identified in this model: the common latent construct model (reflective indicators), i.e. when pointers represent an unobserved theoretical construct to which they are related; and the aggregated latent construct model (formative indicator), where construct modelling is based on indicators or measurements. Mackenzie et al. (2005) proposed four questions for distinguishing common latent constructs from aggregated ones: what is the course of causality between the construct and its indicators? Are construct indicators interchangeable in conceptual terms? Are indicators correlated among themselves? And, do all pointers have the same construct antecedents and consequences The application of these criteria to all constructs justifies the use of the reflective model, since all indicators are representations of the unobserved theoretical construct they reflect, they share a common theme, are interchangeable, and are strongly correlated. Except for job performance, multiple indicators based on respondents rating of a series of statements on a five-point Likert scale were used, where 1 represented strongly disagree and 5 represented strongly agree. First, to measure the existence of work-family policies in an organization, an adapted version of the Families and Work Institute (2012a,b) scale was used. The adapted scale consisted of five indicators of respondents perceptions. Thus, respondents were asked whether work-family policies were available, whether information on work-family policies was provided to them by the organization, whether they were aware of the work-family policies, whether they knew of someone who had used them and, finally, whether they had ever used work-family policies (e.g. I have the working time flexibility my personal and family responsibilities I need to be met). The respective coefficients for each group of work-family policies were: 1=0.836, 2=0.800, 3=0.884, 4=0.924 for flexi-time, long paid and unpaid leaves, flexi-place, and family support services, respectively. To measure the variable accessibility, a two-item scale (1=0.819, 2=0.792, 3=0.851, 4=0.885) based on the contributions by Anderson et al. (2002) and the Families and Work Institute (2012a,b) was designed. In this scale, respondents have to rate how they perceive access to work-family policies in their organization and they are asked whether they can use them without reprisals (e.g. If I used work-family support resources, it would have negative consequences for my career, with an inverse scoring system). Employee well-being was measured by use of an adapted version of the reflective four-item scale (1=0.962, 2=0.962, 3=0.974, 4=0.977 for flexi-time, long paid and unpaid leaves, flexi-place, and family support services, respectively) designed by Boshoff and Mels (2000) and Warr (1990). This scale was based on the respondents perception of work stress, job satisfaction, motivation to perform his/her tasks and organizational commitment (e.g. I often feel anxious and stressed inside and outside my workplace, with inverse scoring, or My main satisfactions in life come primarily from my job). Finally, respondents perception of their own job performance was measured by asking them to rate their job performance. In line with the recommendations of Boshoff and Mels (2000), the item My organization gets the better of me in terms of job performance was included in the questionnaire ( was not applicable, since it was a one-item construct). Methods Following the recommendations of Hair et al. (2014), hypothesis testing was performed by the use of a structural equation model based on the PLS-SEM approach. The methodology selected more specifically, the data collection methods employed and the constructs tested and the indicators used were appropriate for empirically examining the correlations among theoretical variables related to organizational work-family support (Casper et al., 2007; Chang et al., 2010). SmartPLS 3.0 software was used to perform data analysis (Ringle et al., 2014) and mean values were attributed to missing data using the criterion of replacement with average value. Although the parameters of the measurement model and the structural model were measured in a single step, as recommended by Chin (2010) and Hair et al. (2014) for the presentation of results were adopted. Accordingly, measurement model testing was performed first, followed by the evaluation of significance among parameters. As such, the validity a nd reliability of measurements was guaranteed before any conclusions were drawn on the relationships among constructs. Measurement model testing In this section, we examine whether the study variables (or indicators) measured the theoretical concepts correctly. Given that all constructs were reflective, reliability was analyzed first; i.e., whether the indicators actually measured what they were intended to measure. Next, validity was evaluated; i.e., whether measuring was consistently performed. In the reliability analysis, the reliability of each item was examined separately by assessing factor loadings (). For an indicator to be definitely incorporated in the measurement model of a construct, it must have a factor loading ?0.707. This involves the shared variance between the construct and its indicators being greater than the error variance. Some authors consider that this empirical rule (?0.707) should not be so rigid in early stages of scale design (Hair et al., 2014) and conclude that an indicator with a factor loading ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 can be deleted from a scale if deletion results in the average variance extracted (AVE) or composite reliability (CR) exceeding the minimum threshold value established (AVE=0.5; CR=0.7). Consequently, weak indicators can be occasionally maintained for their contribution to the validity of the content analysis measure. In any case, clearly weak indicators (?0.4) must always be discarded. In this study, all indicators of the measurement model were maintained, although two indicators did not reach the minimum threshold value established (?0.707). This decision was based on the fact that the AVE for all latent variables exceeded 0.5, which means that it was not necessary to delete these variables to reach the minimum threshold value for AVE. Therefore, as these two indicators contribute to the validity of the content, they were maintained. The reliability of the scale was assessed to verify the internal consistency of all indicators when measuring the concept. Scale reliability was evaluated using Cronbachs coefficient and CR. Nunnally (1978) considered 0.7 adequate for indicating modest reliability and a stricter 0.8 for basic research. All constructs comfortably exceeded the threshold established for Cronbachs and CR, all except Cronbachs for the variable Access 2, which was 0.792 and would be considered acceptable. Construct validity was assessed by examining convergent validity and discriminant validity. Convergent validity indicates that a set of indicators signifies one and the same underlying construct, which can be demonstrated through their uni-dimensionality (Henseler et al., 2009). Convergent validity is assessed through the AVE, which provides a measure of the proportion of variance that can be explained by its indicators with respect to variance accounted for by measurement errors. Fornell and Larcker (1981) recommend a threshold value for AVE0.5, which means that 50% of the construct variance can be explained by its indicators but not by the indicators of the other constructs. As shown in Table II, an AVE0.5 was obtained for all constructs. This means that more than 50% of the variance in the construct can be accounted for by its indicators. Discriminant validity examines to what extent a given construct differs from other constructs. Discriminant validity was assessed using the Fornell-Larcker criterion (Fornell-Larcker, 1981), which is based on the idea that, in a given model, a construct should share more variance with its indicators than with other constructs. Consequently, an effective method for assessing discriminant validity is demonstrating that the AVE for a construct is greater than the variance that the construct shares with other constructs of the same model; in other words, the correlations among constructs are lower than the square of the AVE. The study found out that the square of the AVE for all latent variables was greater than the correlation among variables. This means that all constructs were more strongly correlated to their indicators than to those of the other constructs. Conclusion This study makes a theoretical and empirical contribution to better understand the impact that the existence of and true access to work-family policies have on job performance, mediated by employee-well-being. More specifically, this study assesses the effects of different types of work-family policies on employee-well-being and job performance. The first group of work-family policies encompasses working time flexibility policies (flexi-time). The second group consists of long paid and unpaid leave policies. The third group includes policies providing flexibility in the work location (flexi-place). Finally, the fourth group embraces employees and family support services. Work-family policies were evaluated from two perspectives: the existence and employees awareness of work-family policies; and true access to work-family policies. The results obtained indicate that the existence of and access to work-family policies do not have a direct effect on job performance but an indirect one mediated by employee-well-being. This was found to be applicable to all groups except for employee and family support services. The existence of this type of work-family policies does not seem to have a direct or indirect effect on job performance or employee-well-being. Yet, once this type of work-family policies has been adopted, it is important that employees perceive they can use them easily, as this has an indirect positive effect on job performance. 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